River Restoration Projects

Gravel Introduction River Restoration Projects

• Environment Agency, 2010. For more information on gravel introduction in rivers, visit http://evidence.environment-agency.gov.uk/FCERM/en/SC060065/MeasuresList/M1/M1T2.aspx?pagenum=2
• Environment Agency and National Trust, 2017. For more information on the River Witham restoration project at Belton House, visit https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/belton-house/trails/belton-riverside-walk or click here.
• Wild Trout Trust, 2014. For more information on the River Glaven Project, visit https://www.wildtrout.org/content/bayfield-project-river-glaven

Berm Creation River Restoration Projects

• Lincolnshire Rivers Trust, 2020. For more information on the River Slea restoration project, visit http://www.lincsrivers.org.uk/restoring-the-slea
• Lincolnshire Rivers Trust, 2020. For more information on the Scopwick Beck restoration project, visit http://www.lincsrivers.org.uk/news-and-stories-/scopwick-project  
• National Trust, 2019. For more information on the River Witham restoration project at Belton House and the National Trust Riverside Walk, visit https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/belton-house/trails/belton-riverside-walk or click here

River Restoration Projects involving Hinging

• Wild Trout Trust, 2016. For more information on the River Dever Project, visit https://www.wildtrout.org/content/river-dever-project

River Restoration Projects involving Bank Softening

• Wild Trout Trust, 2013. For more information on the River Great Stour Project, visit https://www.wildtrout.org/news/project-completed-river-great-stour-kent
• Wild Trout Trust, 2019. For more information on the Branston Beck project, visit https://www.wildtrout.org/news/branston-beck-community-project

Habitat Creation

Wildflower Meadows

• National Trust, 2019. For more information about the importance if Wildflower meadows, visit https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/appeal/making-meadows-appeal
• Meadfleet, 2018. For more information about wildflower meadows, visit https://www.meadfleet.co.uk/the-benefits-of-wildflower-meadows
• For more information on wildflower meadows and their benefits for the UK's pollinators visit, http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/513489/1/N513489CR.pdf

Wetlands

• The Wildlife Trust, 2019. For more information about wetlands, visit https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/habitats/wetlands
• Evers and Caryl-Sue, 2012. For more information on different types of wetland environments, visit https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/wetland/
• Terraqua Environmental Solutions, 2019. For more information on wetlands, visit https://terraqua.co.uk/wetland-habitats/

Riparian Tree Management

• Wild Trout Trust, 2020. For more information about the importance of trees in rivers and their management, visit https://www.wildtrout.org/content/trees-and-rivers
• Trees for Life, 2020. For more information on riparian trees and the presence of woody debris, visit https://treesforlife.org.uk/into-the-forest/habitats-and-ecology/habitats/riparian-woodland/

Flora and Fauna

Mammals

• Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust. For more information Water voles in the UK, visit https://www.lincstrust.org.uk/wildlife-explorer/mammals/water-vole
• For more information on Otters, visit https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/enjoy-the-waterways/canal-and-river-wildlife/a-spotters-guide-to-waterway-wildlife/otter-waterway-wildlife or https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/mammals/european-otter
• For more information on Water Voles, visit https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/enjoy-the-waterways/canal-and-river-wildlife/a-spotters-guide-to-waterway-wildlife/water-vole or https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-and-wild-places/saving-species/water-voles or https://www.lincstrust.org.uk/wildlife-explorer/mammals/water-vole  
• For more information on European Moles, visit https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/wildlife-guides/other-garden-wildlife/mammals/mole/ or https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/mammals/mole  
  

Crayfish

• For more information on White Clawed Crayfish, visit https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/invertebrates/crustacea-centipedes-and-millipedes/white-clawed-crayfish, https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/enjoy-the-waterways/fishing/fish-species/rare-and-protected-fish/white-clawed-crayfish, https://cdn.buglife.org.uk/2019/07/Final-Crayfish-ID-distribution-and-Legislation-23-06-15_JG.pdf#:~:text=In%20the%20UK%20there%20are%20seven%20species%20of,species.%20In%20order%20to%20facilitate%20effective%20management%2C%20conservation, https://www.buglife.org.uk/resources/species-hub/crayfish-hub/ or https://sac.jncc.gov.uk/species/S1092/  
• For more information on Signal Crayfish, visit https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/enjoy-the-waterways/canal-and-river-wildlife/the-rogues-gallery/signal-crayfish, https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/environment-and-conservation/2019/07/deadly-invaders-non-native-species-threatening-british or http://www.nonnativespecies.org/factsheet/factsheet.cfm?speciesId=2498    

Fish

• South East Rivers Trust, 2018. For more information about fish spawning seasons and redds, visit https://www.southeastriverstrust.org/spawning-season-for-salmonids/
• Peter Henriksoon, Wild Trout Trust, 2019. For more information on redds and their identification, visit https://www.wildtrout.org/wttblog/redd-spotting
• Paul Procter, Wild Trout Trust, 2020. For more information about Brown Trout, visit https://www.wildtrout.org/content/brown-trout
• For more information on Grayling, visit https://www.wildtrout.org/content/grayling-trout or https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/enjoy-the-waterways/fishing/fish-species/grayling  
• For more information on Perch, visit https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/enjoy-the-waterways/fishing/fish-species/perch, https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/perch/276358#:~:text=Encyclop%C3%A6dia%20Britannica%2C%20Inc.%20These%20spiny-finned%20freshwater%20fish%20are,and%20has%20been%20introduced%20on%20the%20Pacific%20coast  or https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/freshwater-fish/perch 
• For more information on Ruffe, visit https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/enjoy-the-waterways/fishing/fish-species/ruffe
• For more information on Eels, visit https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/enjoy-the-waterways/fishing/fish-species/rare-and-protected-fish/eels or https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/freshwater-fish/eel
• For more information on Brook Lamprey, visit https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/enjoy-the-waterways/fishing/fish-species/rare-and-protected-fish/brook-lamprey , https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/freshwater-fish/river-lamprey , https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/enjoy-the-waterways/fishing/fish-species/rare-and-protected-fish/river-lamprey or https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/enjoy-the-waterways/fishing/fish-species/rare-and-protected-fish/sea-lamprey    
• For more information on Brown Trout, visit https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/freshwater-fish/brown-trout, https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/animals/fish/brown-trout/  or https://www.wildtrout.org/content/brown-trout
• For more information on Sea Trout, visit https://www.wildtrout.org/content/sea-trout  
• For more information on Stickleback, visit https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/enjoy-the-waterways/fishing/fish-species/three-spined-stickleback, https://www.britannica.com/animal/stickleback  or https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/freshwater-fish/three-spined-stickleback
• For more information on Stoneloach, visit https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/enjoy-the-waterways/fishing/fish-species/stone-loach or https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/freshwater-fish/stone-loach  
• For more information on Bullheads, visit https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/enjoy-the-waterways/fishing/fish-species/rare-and-protected-fish/bullhead or https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/freshwater-fish/bullhead

Insects

• For more information on Large Red Damselflies, visit https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/enjoy-the-waterways/canal-and-river-wildlife/a-spotters-guide-to-waterway-wildlife/damselfly-waterway-wildlife or https://british-dragonflies.org.uk/species/large-red-damselfly/
• For more information on Common Blue Damselflies, visit https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/invertebrates/damselflies/common-blue-damselfly or  https://british-dragonflies.org.uk/species/common-blue-damselfly/
• For more information on Emerald Damselfies, visit https://british-dragonflies.org.uk/species/emerald-damselfly/ or https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/invertebrates/damselflies/emerald-damselfly
• For more information on Emperor Dragonflies, visit https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/invertebrates/dragonflies/emperor-dragonfly or https://british-dragonflies.org.uk/species/emperor-dragonfly/
• For more information on Red Admiral Butterflies, visit https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/invertebrates/butterflies/red-admiral or https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/wildlife-guides/other-garden-wildlife/insects-and-other-invertebrates/butterflies/red-admiral-butterfly/    
• For more information on Holly Blue Butterflies, visit https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/invertebrates/butterflies/holly-blue or https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/wildlife-guides/other-garden-wildlife/insects-and-other-invertebrates/butterflies/holly-blue-butterfly/    
• For more information on Comma Butterflies, visit https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/invertebrates/butterflies/comma 
• For more information on Small Tortoiseshell Butterflies, visit https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/wildlife-guides/other-garden-wildlife/insects-and-other-invertebrates/butterflies/small-tortoiseshell-butterfly/ or https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/invertebrates/butterflies/small-tortoiseshell 
• For more information on Seven Spot Ladybirds, visit https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/wildlife-guides/other-garden-wildlife/insects-and-other-invertebrates/beetles-and-bugs/ladybird/ or https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/invertebrates/beetles/7-spot-ladybird
• For more information on Harlequin Ladybirds, visit https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/invertebrates/beetles/harlequin-ladybird  

Birds

• For more information on Grey Herons, visit https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/enjoy-the-waterways/canal-and-river-wildlife/a-spotters-guide-to-waterway-wildlife/heron-waterway-wildlife or https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/birds/herons-egrets-and-spoonbill/grey-heron
• For more information on Blue Tits, visit https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/animals/birds/blue-tit/ or https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/birds/tits-crests-and-warblers/blue-tit
• For more information on Long Tailed Tits, visit https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/birds/tits-crests-and-warblers/long-tailed-tit or https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/animals/birds/long-tailed-tit/
• For more information on Chaffinches, visit https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/birds/finches-and-buntings/chaffinch or https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/animals/birds/chaffinch/
• For more information on Grey Wagtails, visit https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/birds/larks-sparrows-wagtails-and-dunnock/grey-wagtail, http://voice.gardenbird.co.uk/all-about-the-grey-wagtail/ or https://canalrivertrustwaterfront.org.uk/nature/grey-abandon/
• For more information on Song Thrushes, visit https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/birds/thrushes-chats-flycatchers-starling-dipper-and-wren/song-thrush or https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/animals/birds/song-thrush/ 
• For more information on Kingfishers, visit https://www.lincstrust.org.uk/wildlife-explorer/birds/woodpeckers-cuckoo-kingfisher-and-waxwing/kingfisher or https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/enjoy-the-waterways/canal-and-river-wildlife/a-spotters-guide-to-waterway-wildlife/kingfisher-waterway-wildlife 
• For more information on Robins, visit https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/birds/thrushes-chats-flycatchers-starling-dipper-and-wren/robin or https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/wildlife-guides/bird-a-z/robin/nesting-and-breeding-habits/    
• For more information on Red Kites, visit https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/birds/birds-prey/red-kite or https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/animals/birds/red-kite/  
• For more information on Common Buzzards, visit https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/birds/birds-prey/buzzard, https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/wildlife-guides/bird-a-z/buzzard/hunting-and-feeding-habits/ or https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/animals/birds/buzzard/
• For more information on Chiff Chaffs, visit https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/birds/tits-crests-and-warblers/chiffchaff or https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/animals/birds/chiffchaff/    
• For more information on Black Caps, visit https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/birds/tits-crests-and-warblers/blackcap or https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/animals/birds/blackcap/    
• For more information on Moorhens, visit https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/birds/wading-birds/moorhen, https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/wildlife-guides/bird-a-z/moorhen/ or http://www.garden-birds.co.uk/birds/moorhen.html
• For more information on Blackbirds, visit https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/birds/thrushes-chats-flycatchers-starling-dipper-and-wren/blackbird or https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/animals/birds/blackbird/    
• For more information on Wren, visit https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/birds/thrushes-chats-flycatchers-starling-dipper-and-wren/wren or https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/animals/birds/wren/    
  

Amphibians

• For more information on Common Frogs, visit https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/amphibians/common-frog, https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/enjoy-the-waterways/canal-and-river-wildlife/a-spotters-guide-to-waterway-wildlife/frog-waterway-wildlife or https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/wildlife-guides/other-garden-wildlife/amphibians-and-reptiles/common-frog/
• For more information on Common Toads, visit https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/animals/reptiles-and-amphibians/common-toad/ or https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/amphibians/common-toad
• For more information on Smooth Newts, visit https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/amphibians/smooth-newt, https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/wildlife-guides/other-garden-wildlife/amphibians-and-reptiles/smooth-newt/ or https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/blog/2020/02/british-newt-id/         

Reptiles

• For more information on Grass Snakes, visit https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/enjoy-the-waterways/canal-and-river-wildlife/a-spotters-guide-to-waterway-wildlife/grass-snake-waterway-wildlife, https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/reptiles/grass-snake or   https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/animals/reptiles-and-amphibians/grass-snake/      
• For more information on Common Lizards, visit https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/reptiles/common-lizard or https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/animals/reptiles-and-amphibians/common-lizard/     
• For more information on Slow Worms, visit https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/wildlife-guides/other-garden-wildlife/amphibians-and-reptiles/slow-worm/, https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/reptiles/slow-worm or https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/animals/reptiles-and-amphibians/slow-worm/          

Invasive Non-Native Plant Species

• For more information on Himalayan Balsam, visit https://lincsrivers.org.uk/upper-witham-invasive-plant-species-project/, https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/wildflowers/himalayan-balsam or https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/enjoy-the-waterways/canal-and-river-wildlife/the-rogues-gallery/himalayan-balsam  
• For more information on Floating Pennywort visit https://lincsrivers.org.uk/pennywort-on-the-witham/ or   https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/enjoy-the-waterways/canal-and-river-wildlife/the-rogues-gallery-of-invasive-species/floating-pennywort  
• For more information on Japanese Knotweed, visit https://lincsrivers.org.uk/upper-witham-invasive-plant-species-project/, https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/wildflowers/japanese-knotweed, https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/enjoy-the-waterways/canal-and-river-wildlife/the-rogues-gallery/japanese-knotweed or  https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/blog/2019/05/invasive-species/
• For more information on Giant Hogweed, visit https://lincsrivers.org.uk/upper-witham-invasive-plant-species-project/, https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/wildflowers/giant-hogweed,  https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/blog/2019/06/giant-hogweed-facts/ or https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/enjoy-the-waterways/canal-and-river-wildlife/the-rogues-gallery-of-invasive-species/giant-hogweed   
• For more information on Invasive Non-native plant species, visit https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/specialist-teams/maintaining-our-waterways/vegetation-management/invasive-species-control, https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/media/1810/wood-wise-invasive-species.pdf or https://www.ywt.org.uk/wildlife/conservation-action/west-yorkshire/invasive-species             

Reports and Useful Information

• Environment Agency, 2018. For information on the Annual Fisheries Report 2017 to 2018 Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire and previous river restoration projects, visit https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/793306/Lincolnshire_and_Northamptonshire_area_report.pdf
• Environment Agency, 2010. For more information on river restoration and river restoration techniques, visit http://evidence.environment-agency.gov.uk/FCERM/en/FluvialDesignGuide/Chapter8.aspx?pagenum=4
• The River Restoration Centre and South East Rivers Trust, 2014. For more information on river restoration and its importance, visit https://www.therrc.co.uk/sites/default/files/general/Training/esmee/what_is_river_restoration_final.pdf
• Wild Trout Trust, 2020.  For more information on the projects the Wild Trout Trust deliver, visit https://www.wildtrout.org/content/projects-1

Partners

Funding Partners

• European Union (crown copyright). For more information on ESIF and the ERDF, visit https://www.gov.uk/guidance/england-2014-to-2020-european-structural-and-investment-funds#about-the-european-structural-and-investment-funds-growth-programme
• South Kesteven District Council, 2020. For more information about Wyndham Park, visit http://www.southkesteven.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=8622
• North Kesteven District Council, 2020. For more information on North Kesteven District Council's countryside, parks and open spaces, visit https://www.n-kesteven.gov.uk/visitors-and-leisure/sports-leisure-culture-and-the-arts/countryside-and-open-spaces/
• Environment Agency (crown copyright). For more information on the work the Environment Agency does, visit https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/environment-agency/about
• National Trust, 2017. For more information about the National Trust's plant to protect the natural and historical environment, visit https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/news/our-plan-to-nurse-environment-back-to-health  
• National Trust, 2020. For more information about the National Trust and about their 125th anniversary, visit https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/features/about-the-national-trust

Supportive Partners

• Lincolnshire Rivers Trust, 2020. For more information about Lincolnshire Rivers Trust and the work they do, visit http://www.lincsrivers.org.uk/about-us
• Wild Trout Trust, 2020. For more information about the Wild Trout Trust and what they do, visit https://www.wildtrout.org/content/about-us
• Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust, 2018. For more information about Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust and what they do, visit https://www.lincstrust.org.uk/what-we-do/about

References

• Broadmeadow, S. and Nisbet, T. (2004). The effects of riparian forest management on the freshwater environment: a literature review of best management practice. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 8(3), pp.286-305.
• Dodds, W. and Whiles, M. (2019). Chapter 5 - Hydrology and Physiography of Wetland Habitats. Freshwater Ecology (Third Edition),pp.95-120.
• Feber, R., Smith, H. and MacDonald, D. (1996). The Effects on Butterfly Abundance of the Management of Uncropped Edges of Arable Fields. The Journal of Applied Ecology, 33(5), p.1191-1205.
• Platt, R., Rowntree, R. and Muick, P. (1994). The ecological city: Preserving and restoring urban biodiversity. Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press. pp. 172 - 187.
• Rackham, O. (1986). The History of the Countryside. J.M. Dent & Sons.
• Thompson (2018). Pool-Riffle Sequences. Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences.